Apple Lens Correction reads lens metadata stored in the original file. If present, then it will correct distortion and lens shading (only).
When is it present? No simple answer. It requires the lens to send the correction metadata to the camera body and for the body to write it to the file. When the lens and body can communicate the data is stored. However, a lens might not have the data, but the body can write it, or the lens has the data, but the body doesn’t know how to write it. Sometimes a lens will provide it for some focal lengths, but not others (for example, a 24-150 might provide it at wide angle, but not telephoto because there isn’t meaningful distortion or shading)
There is nothing per se that DSLRs cannot be corrected, but for the most part, they aren’t.
Yes, Disable Lens Profile turns off Apple Lens Correction.
“Switch to Automatic Lens Correction When Possible” is a setting that is for people with older versions of Nitro. Those versions could not correct as many lens / camera / format combinations, so people may have manually corrected them. This setting replaces manual correction with the metadata-based correction.
“Improved Lens Correction” should bring up a dialog with help. It does on my machine. I do not know why it is not working for you. Sorry.