Since you are not using Apple Photos, then all ratings and edits are stored in XMP files. That XMP files have the same name as the original image with a suffix and file extension.
If you move or reorganize the files, you need to also move the XMP files. If you rename the files, you have to rename the XMP file as well.
Again, since you are using the file system, it’s important to use folders to organize the photos. If you combine all of the folders into a single giant folder with 110,000 files + XMP files, performance will suffer (in general – file systems are much more efficient when the files are organized into folders).
The app does not yet have the ability to move images between folders. It’s on the list, but I just have not gotten to it yet. Simple moving is easy, but people usually want renaming features and stuff like that.
One other note. You do not need to use iCloud to use Apple Photos. You can just have a Photos library that is not connected to the cloud.